Is there a bilingual advantage in auditory attention among children? A systematic review and meta-analysis of standardized auditory attention tests.

A wealth of research has investigated the associations between bilingualism and cognition, especially in regards to executive function. Some developmental studies reveal different cognitive profiles between monolinguals and bilinguals in visual or audio-visual attention tasks, which might stem from their attention allocation differences. Yet, whether such distinction exists in the auditory domain alone is unknown. In this study, we compared differences in auditory attention, measured by standardized tests, between monolingual and bilingual children. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in three electronic databases: OVID Medline, OVID PsycInfo, and EBSCO CINAHL. Twenty studies using standardized tests to assess auditory attention in monolingual and bilingual participants aged less than 18 years were identified. We assessed the quality of these studies using a scoring tool for evaluating primary research. For statistical analysis, we pooled the effect size in a random-effects meta-analytic model, where between-study heterogeneity was quantified using the I2 statistic. No substantial publication bias was observed based on the funnel plot. Further, meta-regression modelling suggests that test measure (accuracy vs. response times) significantly affected the studies' effect sizes whereas other factors (e.g., participant age, stimulus type) did not. Specifically, studies reporting accuracy observed marginally greater accuracy in bilinguals (g = 0.10), whereas those reporting response times indicated faster latency in monolinguals (g = -0.34). There was little difference between monolingual and bilingual children's performance on standardized auditory attention tests. We also found that studies tend to include a wide variety of bilingual children but report limited language background information of the participants. This, unfortunately, limits the potential theoretical contributions of the reviewed studies. Recommendations to improve the quality of future research are discussed.

Language models and protocol standardization guidelines for accelerating synthesis planning in heterogeneous catalysis.

Synthesis protocol exploration is paramount in catalyst discovery, yet keeping pace with rapid literature advances is increasingly time intensive. Automated synthesis protocol analysis is attractive for swiftly identifying opportunities and informing predictive models, however such applications in heterogeneous catalysis remain limited. In this proof-of-concept, we introduce a transformer model for this task, exemplified using single-atom heterogeneous catalysts (SACs), a rapidly expanding catalyst family. Our model adeptly converts SAC protocols into action sequences, and we use this output to facilitate statistical inference of their synthesis trends and applications, potentially expediting literature review and analysis. We demonstrate the model's adaptability across distinct heterogeneous catalyst families, underscoring its versatility. Finally, our study highlights a critical issue: the lack of standardization in reporting protocols hampers machine-reading capabilities. Embracing digital advances in catalysis demands a shift in data reporting norms, and to this end, we offer guidelines for writing protocols, significantly improving machine-readability. We release our model as an open-source web application, inviting a fresh approach to accelerate heterogeneous catalysis synthesis planning.

Neural alpha oscillations index context-driven perception of ambiguous vowel sequences.

Perception of bistable stimuli is influenced by prior context. In some cases, the interpretation matches with how the preceding stimulus was perceived; in others, it tends to be the opposite of the previous stimulus percept. We measured high-density electroencephalography (EEG) while participants were presented with a sequence of vowels that varied in formant transition, promoting the perception of one or two auditory streams followed by an ambiguous bistable sequence. For the bistable sequence, participants were more likely to report hearing the opposite percept of the one heard immediately before. This auditory contrast effect coincided with changes in alpha power localized in the left angular gyrus and left sensorimotor and right sensorimotor/supramarginal areas. The latter correlated with participants' perception. These results suggest that the contrast effect for a bistable sequence of vowels may be related to neural adaptation in posterior auditory areas, which influences participants' perceptual construal level of ambiguous stimuli.

Electroencephalogram measured functional connectivity for delirium detection: a systematic review.

Objective: Delirium is an acute alteration of consciousness marked by confusion, inattention, and changes in cognition. Some speculate that delirium may be a disorder of functional connectivity, but the requirement to lay still may limit measurement with existing functional imaging modalities in this population. Electroencephalography (EEG) may allow for a more feasible approach to the study of potential connectivity disturbances in delirium. We conducted a systematic review to investigate whether there are EEG-measurable differences in brain functional connectivity in the resting state associated with delirium. Methods: Medline, PubMed, PsychInfo, Embase and CINAHL were searched for relevant articles containing original data studying EEG functional connectivity measures in delirium. Results: The search yielded 1,516 records. Following strict inclusion criteria, four studies were included in the review. The studies used a variety of EEG measures including phase lag index, coherence, entropy, shortest path length, minimum spanning tree, and network clustering coefficients to study functional connectivity between scalp electrodes. Across connectivity measures, delirium was associated with decreased brain functional connectivity. All four studies found decreased alpha band connectivity for patients with delirium. None of the studies directly compared the different motor subtypes of delirium. Significance: This systematic review provides converging evidence for disturbances in oscillatory-based functional connectivity in delirium.

The neural bases of familiar music listening in healthy individuals: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis.

Accumulating evidence suggests that the neural activations during music listening differs as a function of familiarity with the excerpts. However, the implicated brain areas are unclear. After an extensive literature search, we conducted an Activation Likelihood Estimation analysis on 23 neuroimaging studies (232 foci, 364 participants) to identify consistently activated brain regions when healthy adults listen to familiar music, compared to unfamiliar music or an equivalent condition. The results revealed a left cortical-subcortical co-activation pattern comprising three significant clusters localized to the supplementary motor areas (BA 6), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG, BA 44), and the claustrum/insula. Our results are discussed in a predictive coding framework, whereby temporal expectancies and familiarity may drive motor activations, despite any overt movement. Though conventionally associated with syntactic violation, our observed activation in the IFG may support a recent proposal of its involvement in a network that subserves both violation and prediction. Finally, the claustrum/insula plays an integral role in auditory processing, functioning as a hub that integrates sensory and limbic information to (sub)cortical structures.

Effects of virtual reality working memory task difficulty on the passive processing of irrelevant auditory stimuli.

The virtual reality (VR) environment is claimed to be highly immersive. Participants may thus be potentially unaware of their real, external world. The present study presented irrelevant auditory stimuli while participants were engaged in an easy or difficult visual working memory (WM) task within the VR environment. The difficult WM task should be immersive and require many cognitive resources, thus few will be available for the processing of task-irrelevant auditory stimuli. Sixteen young adults wore a 3D head-mounted VR device. In the easy WM task, the stimuli were nameable objects. In the difficult WM task, the stimuli were abstract objects that could not be easily named. A novel paradigm using event-related potentials (ERPs) was implemented to examine the feasibility of quantifying the extent of processing of task-irrelevant stimuli occurring outside of the VR environment. Auditory stimuli irrelevant to the WM task were presented concurrently at every 1.5 or 12 s in separate conditions. Performance on the WM task varied with task difficulty, with accuracy significantly lower during the difficult task. The auditory ERPs consisted of N1 and a later P2/P3a deflection which were larger when the auditory stimuli were presented slowly. ERPs were unaffected by task difficulty, but significant correlations were found. N1 and P2/P3a amplitudes were smallest when performance on the Easy WM task was highest. It is possible that even the easy WM task was so immersive and required many processing resources that few were available for the co-processing of the task-irrelevant auditory stimuli.

Temporal deployment of attention in musicians: Evidence from an attentional blink paradigm.

The generalization of music training to unrelated nonmusical domains is well established and may reflect musicians' superior ability to regulate attention. We investigated the temporal deployment of attention in musicians and nonmusicians using scalp-recording of event-related potentials in an attentional blink (AB) paradigm. Participants listened to rapid sequences of stimuli and identified target and probe sounds. The AB was defined as a probe identification deficit when the probe closely follows the target. The sequence of stimuli was preceded by a neutral or informative cue about the probe position within the sequence. Musicians outperformed nonmusicians in identifying the target and probe. In both groups, cueing improved target and probe identification and reduced the AB. The informative cue elicited a sustained potential, which was more prominent in musicians than nonmusicians over left temporal areas and yielded a larger N1 amplitude elicited by the target. The N1 was larger in musicians than nonmusicians, and its amplitude over the left frontocentral cortex of musicians correlated with accuracy. Together, these results reveal musicians' superior ability to regulate attention, allowing them to prepare for incoming stimuli, thereby improving sound object identification. This capacity to manage attentional resources to optimize task performance may generalize to nonmusical activities.

Ready for action! When the brain learns, yet memory-biased action does not follow.

Does memory prepare us to act? Long-term memory can facilitate signal detection, though the degree of benefit varies and can even be absent. To dissociate between learning and behavioral expression of learning, we used high-density electroencephalography (EEG) to assess memory retrieval and response processing. At learning, participants heard everyday sounds. Half of these sound clips were paired with an above-threshold lateralized tone, such that it was possible to form incidental associations between the sound clip and the location of the tone. Importantly, attention was directed to either the sound clip (Experiment 1) or the tone (Experiment 2). Participants then completed a novel detection task that separated cued retrieval from response processing. At retrieval, we observed a striking brain-behavior dissociation. Learning was observed neurally in both experiments. Behaviorally, however, signal detection was only facilitated in Experiment 2, for which there was an accompanying explicit memory for tone presence. Further, implicit neural memory for tone location correlated with the degree of response preparation, but not response execution. Together, the findings suggest 1) that attention at learning affects memory-biased action and 2) that memory prepared action via both explicit and implicit associative memory, with the latter triggering response preparation.

Mismatch negativity as a marker of auditory pattern separation.

To what extent does incidental encoding of auditory stimuli influence subsequent episodic memory for the same stimuli? We examined whether the mismatch negativity (MMN), an event-related potential generated by auditory change detection, is correlated with participants' ability to discriminate those stimuli (i.e. targets) from highly similar lures and from dissimilar foils. We measured the MMN in 30 young adults (18-32 years, 18 females) using a passive auditory oddball task with standard and deviant 5-tone sequences differing in pitch contour. After exposure, all participants completed an incidental memory test for old targets, lures, and foils. As expected, participants at test exhibited high sensitivity in recognizing target items relative to foils and lower sensitivity in recognizing target items relative to lures. Notably, we found a significant correlation between MMN amplitude and lure discrimination, but not foil discrimination. Our investigation shows that our capacity to discriminate sensory inputs at encoding, as measured by the MMN, translates into precision in memory for those inputs.

Interindividual variability in the benefits of personal sound amplification products on speech perception in noise: A randomized cross-over clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: The aging population is prone to hearing loss, which has several adverse effects on quality of life, including difficulty following conversations in noisy environments. Personal Sound Amplification Products (PSAPs) are a less expensive, over-the-counter alternative to traditional, more expensive hearing aids. Although some studies have shown that PSAPs can mitigate hearing loss, the literature generally only addresses group differences without considering interindividual variability. This study aimed to 1) determine how PSAPs affect listening effort and speech perception in noise and 2) measure interindividual variability and identify contributing demographic and health factors. DESIGN: We used a cross-over design in which all participants were assigned to each condition. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-eight adults aged 60 to 87 years with normal hearing and mild hearing loss fulfilled the study requirements. INTERVENTION: In one session, speech-in-noise perception tasks were performed without PSAPs, and in the other, the tasks were performed with bilateral PSAPs. The two sessions were separated by one week, and the order of the sessions was balanced across participants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: In both sessions, participants performed the Quick speech-in-noise test and a word discrimination task in noise, in which their self-reported listening effort was measured. RESULTS: PSAPs use improved speech perception in noise in both tasks and reduced listening effort. There was considerable variability between individuals, with approximately 60-70% of participants showing benefit. Age, hearing and cognitive status were significant predictors of the benefits. CONCLUSION: Not all individuals may benefit from the effect of PSAPs to the same extent at their first use, and this depends on specific health and demographic factors, particularly age, hearing, and cognitive status. These results underscore the importance of demographic and health factors in assessing the benefits of hearing amplification in older adults. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05076045.

Successful aging of musicians: Preservation of sensorimotor regions aids audiovisual speech-in-noise perception.

Musicianship can mitigate age-related declines in audiovisual speech-in-noise perception. We tested whether this benefit originates from functional preservation or functional compensation by comparing fMRI responses of older musicians, older nonmusicians, and young nonmusicians identifying noise-masked audiovisual syllables. Older musicians outperformed older nonmusicians and showed comparable performance to young nonmusicians. Notably, older musicians retained similar neural specificity of speech representations in sensorimotor areas to young nonmusicians, while older nonmusicians showed degraded neural representations. In the same region, older musicians showed higher neural alignment to young nonmusicians than older nonmusicians, which was associated with their training intensity. In older nonmusicians, the degree of neural alignment predicted better performance. In addition, older musicians showed greater activation in frontal-parietal, speech motor, and visual motion regions and greater deactivation in the angular gyrus than older nonmusicians, which predicted higher neural alignment in sensorimotor areas. Together, these findings suggest that musicianship-related benefit in audiovisual speech-in-noise processing is rooted in preserving youth-like representations in sensorimotor regions.

Dietary exposure and risk assessment to trace elements and iodine in seaweeds.

INTRODUCTION: Seaweeds are a rich source of elements such as iodine, and are also able to accumulate contaminants such as trace elements. METHODS: The aim of this study was to assess the dietary exposure as well as the risk from iodine and trace elements in edible seaweeds for the French population using current consumption data. The contribution of seaweeds to overall dietary exposure to trace elements and iodine was evaluated, and for those substances with minimal contribution to overall dietary exposure, simulations were performed to propose increased maximal limits in seaweeds. RESULTS: Cadmium, inorganic arsenic and mercury in seaweeds were very low contributors to total dietary exposure to these contaminants (0.7 % 1.1 % and 0.1 % on average, respectively). Dietary exposure to lead via seaweed may contribute up to 3.1 % of total dietary exposure. Dietary consumption of iodine via seaweed may contribute up to 33 % of total exposure to iodine, which makes seaweeds the strongest contributor to iodine in diet. DISCUSSION: New maximal values in seaweeds are proposed for the very low contributors to total dietary exposure: 1 mg/kg dw for cadmium, 10 mg/kg dw for inorganic arsenic and 0.3 mg/kg dw for mercury.

Adaptation in the sensory cortex drives bistable switching during auditory stream segregation.

Current theories of perception emphasize the role of neural adaptation, inhibitory competition, and noise as key components that lead to switches in perception. Supporting evidence comes from neurophysiological findings of specific neural signatures in modality-specific and supramodal brain areas that appear to be critical to switches in perception. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to study brain activity around the time of switches in perception while participants listened to a bistable auditory stream segregation stimulus, which can be heard as one integrated stream of tones or two segregated streams of tones. The auditory thalamus showed more activity around the time of a switch from segregated to integrated compared to time periods of stable perception of integrated; in contrast, the rostral anterior cingulate cortex and the inferior parietal lobule showed more activity around the time of a switch from integrated to segregated compared to time periods of stable perception of segregated streams, consistent with prior findings of asymmetries in brain activity depending on the switch direction. In sound-responsive areas in the auditory cortex, neural activity increased in strength preceding switches in perception and declined in strength over time following switches in perception. Such dynamics in the auditory cortex are consistent with the role of adaptation proposed by computational models of visual and auditory bistable switching, whereby the strength of neural activity decreases following a switch in perception, which eventually destabilizes the current percept enough to lead to a switch to an alternative percept.

Cortical-brainstem interplay during speech perception in older adults with and without hearing loss.

Introduction: Real time modulation of brainstem frequency-following responses (FFRs) by online changes in cortical arousal state via the corticofugal (top-down) pathway has been demonstrated previously in young adults and is more prominent in the presence of background noise. FFRs during high cortical arousal states also have a stronger relationship with speech perception. Aging is associated with increased auditory brain responses, which might reflect degraded inhibitory processing within the peripheral and ascending pathways, or changes in attentional control regulation via descending auditory pathways. Here, we tested the hypothesis that online corticofugal interplay is impacted by age-related hearing loss. Methods: We measured EEG in older adults with normal-hearing (NH) and mild to moderate hearing-loss (HL) while they performed speech identification tasks in different noise backgrounds. We measured α power to index online cortical arousal states during task engagement. Subsequently, we split brainstem speech-FFRs, on a trial-by-trial basis, according to fluctuations in concomitant cortical α power into low or high α FFRs to index cortical-brainstem modulation. Results: We found cortical α power was smaller in the HL than the NH group. In NH listeners, α-FFRs modulation for clear speech (i.e., without noise) also resembled that previously observed in younger adults for speech in noise. Cortical-brainstem modulation was further diminished in HL older adults in the clear condition and by noise in NH older adults. Machine learning classification showed low α FFR frequency spectra yielded higher accuracy for classifying listeners' perceptual performance in both NH and HL participants. Moreover, low α FFRs decreased with increased hearing thresholds at 0.5-2 kHz for clear speech but noise generally reduced low α FFRs in the HL group. Discussion: Collectively, our study reveals cortical arousal state actively shapes brainstem speech representations and provides a potential new mechanism for older listeners' difficulties perceiving speech in cocktail party-like listening situations in the form of a miss-coordination between cortical and subcortical levels of auditory processing.

The frontoparietal multiple demand network interacts with the dual pathways in auditory working memory.

The frontoparietal multiple demand (MD) network has been proposed as a control network that regulates processing demands while enabling goal-directed actions. This study tested the MD network account in auditory working memory (AWM) and identified its functional role and relationship with the dual pathways model in AWM, where segregation of function was based on the sound domain. Forty-one healthy young adults performed an n-back task consisting of an orthogonal combination of the sound domain (spatial versus nonspatial) and cognitive operation (low load versus high load). Functional connectivity and correlation analyses were performed to assess the connectivity of the MD network and the dual pathways. Our results confirmed the contribution of the MD network to AWM and identified its interactions with the dual pathways in both sound domains and during high and low load levels. At high loads, the strength of connectivity with the MD network correlated with task accuracy, indicating the key role of the MD network in supporting successful performance as cognitive load increases. This study contributed to the auditory literature by showing that both the MD network and dual pathways collaborate with each other to support AWM, and neither of them alone is adequate to explain auditory cognition.

Absolute pitch: neurophysiological evidence for early brain activity in prefrontal cortex.

Absolute pitch (AP) is the ability to rapidly label pitch without an external reference. The speed of AP labeling may be related to faster sensory processing. We compared time needed for auditory processing in AP musicians, non-AP musicians, and nonmusicians (NM) using high-density electroencephalographic recording. Participants responded to pure tones and sung voice. Stimuli evoked a negative deflection peaking at ~100 ms (N1) post-stimulus onset, followed by a positive deflection peaking at ~200 ms (P2). N1 latency was shortest in AP, intermediate in non-AP musicians, and longest in NM. Source analyses showed decreased auditory cortex and increased frontal cortex contributions to N1 for complex tones compared with pure tones. Compared with NM, AP musicians had weaker source currents in left auditory cortex but stronger currents in left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) during N1, and stronger currents in left IFG during P2. Compared with non-AP musicians, AP musicians exhibited stronger source currents in right insula and left IFG during N1, and stronger currents in left IFG during P2. Non-AP musicians had stronger N1 currents in right auditory cortex than nonmusicians. Currents in left IFG and left auditory cortex were correlated to response times exclusively in AP. Findings suggest a left frontotemporal network supports rapid pitch labeling in AP.

Time of Day Effects on Inhibitory Functioning: Cognitive and Neural Evidence of Sundowning in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment.

BACKGROUND: Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), a prodromal phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is characterized by episodic memory dysfunction, but inhibitory deficits have also been commonly reported. Time of day (TOD) effects have been confirmed in 1) healthy aging on cognitive processes such as inhibitory control, and 2) on behavior in AD (termed the sundowning effect), but no such research has addressed aMCI. OBJECTIVE: The present study examined the impact of TOD on the behavioral and electrophysiological correlates of inhibition in 54 individuals with aMCI and 52 healthy controls (HCs), all of morning chronotype. METHODS: Participants were randomly assigned to complete two inhibition tasks (Go-NoGo and Flanker) during their optimal (morning) or non-optimal (evening) TOD, while electroencephalography was recorded. RESULTS: Both tasks elicited changes in N2 and P3 event-related potential (ERP) components, which commonly index inhibitory functioning. Analyses showed that the Go-NoGo difference in P3 amplitude was reduced in individuals with aMCI relative to HCs. Compared to HCs, the Flanker difference in P3 amplitude was also reduced and coincided with more errors in the aMCI group. Notably, these behavioral and ERP differences were exaggerated in the non-optimal TOD relative to the optimal TOD. CONCLUSION: Findings confirm the presence of inhibition deficits in aMCI and provide novel evidence of sundowning effects on inhibitory control in aMCI. Results reinforce the need to consider the influences of TOD in clinical assessments involving individuals with aMCI.

Music and Visual Art Training Increase Auditory-Evoked Theta Oscillations in Older Adults.

Music training was shown to induce changes in auditory processing in older adults. However, most findings stem from correlational studies and fewer examine long-term sustainable benefits. Moreover, research shows small and variable changes in auditory event-related potential (ERP) amplitudes and/or latencies in older adults. Conventional time domain analysis methods, however, are susceptible to latency jitter in evoked responses and may miss important information of brain processing. Here, we used time-frequency analyses to examine training-related changes in auditory-evoked oscillatory activity in healthy older adults (N = 50) assigned to a music training (n = 16), visual art training (n = 17), or a no-treatment control (n = 17) group. All three groups were presented with oddball auditory paradigms with synthesized piano tones or vowels during the acquisition of high-density EEG. Neurophysiological measures were collected at three-time points: pre-training, post-training, and at a three-month follow-up. Training programs were administered for 12-weeks. Increased theta power was found pre and post- training for the music (p = 0.010) and visual art group (p = 0.010) as compared to controls (p = 0.776) and maintained at the three-month follow-up. Results showed training-related plasticity on auditory processing in aging adults. Neuroplastic changes were maintained three months post-training, suggesting music and visual art programs yield lasting benefits that might facilitate encoding, retention, and memory retrieval.